Section A (1–16 MCQs, 1 mark each)
- (B) CO₂
- (B) Osmotic pressure
- (D) Volume
- (C) NH₃
- (D) 104.5°
- (B) Oxidizing properties
- (B) Prominent oxidation state
- (B) Electromeric effect
- (C) Both alkenes and alkynes
- (C) Intermolecular dipole-dipole interaction
- (B) Salicylaldehyde
- (C) Gem-dialkoxy compounds
- (B) Aniline
- (D) Globular proteins
- (D) Thermoplastic
- (A) Soap
Section B (17–43)
17. Fill in the blanks (2 marks):
- Molar mass of NaCl.
- C-12 isotope.
- 1 mm = 0.001 m.
- Integral multiple.
18. VSEPR Theory (2 marks):
- Arrange to minimize repulsion.
- Bond angles link to repulsion.
- Trigonal bipyramidal for five pairs.
- Lone pairs are unbonded electrons.
19. True (T) or False (F) (2 marks):
- T
- T
- T
- T
20. True (T) or False (F):
- F
- T
- F
- T
21. True (T) or False (F):
- T
- F
- T
- T
22. True (T) or False (F):
- T
- T
- T
- F
23. True (T) or False (F):
- T
- F
- T
- T
24. Coordination Compounds (2 marks):
- Ligand field strength differs (CN⁻ > F⁻).
- Use AgNO₃ to differentiate.
- Example: EDTA.
- Bidentate ligand: en.
25. Ethers (2 marks):
- Geometry: Bent.
- React with HCl to form oxonium ions.
- IUPAC: Methoxypropane.
- Williamson’s synthesis: Alkyl halide + Alkoxide.
26. Nitro Compounds (2 marks):
- IUPAC: 2-Nitro-2-methylpentane.
- Propane + HNO₃ → Nitropropane.
- Nitrobenzene in alkaline medium gives aniline.
- Higher boiling points due to polarity.
27. Hormones and Vitamins (2 marks):
- Estrogen: Reproductive processes.
- Diabetes, pancreas.
- B₂: Cracked lips; B₉: Anemia.
- Fat-soluble: A and D.
28. Polymers (2 marks):
- Monomers: Terephthalic acid, ethylene glycol.
- Buna-S is a copolymer.
- Condensation gives by-products.
- Classified as linear, branched, or cross-linked.
29. Calculations (2 marks):
- Na₃PO₄ mass: 39.15 g.
- Empirical formula: CO₂.
30. d-Orbitals (2 marks):
Shapes: dᶻ², dₓ²₋y², dₓy, dₓz, dᵧz.
31. Bonding (2 marks):
- Coordinate bond: Shared electron pair (e.g., NH₃ → BF₃).
- Bond angles:
- NH₃ = 107°
- CH₄ = 109.5°
32. Exothermic Reactions (2 marks):
Definition: Release heat. Example: Combustion of CH₄.
33. Ionic Product (2 marks):
Ionic product of water: [H⁺][OH⁻] = 10⁻¹⁴.
34. Electrolysis (2 marks):
CuSO₄ electrolysis with Pt electrodes: Cu²⁺ → Cu (cathode); O₂ at anode.
35. Xenon Oxofluorides (2 marks):
Xe reacts with F₂ under heat/pressure.
36. Dichromate Formation (2 marks):
Na₂CrO₄ + H⁺ → Na₂Cr₂O₇ + H₂O.
37. Saytzeff’s Rule (2 marks):
Major product: More substituted alkene (e.g., 2-butene from 2-butanol).
38. Methane Geometry (3 marks):
Shape: Tetrahedral, as per VSEPR.
39. Internal Energy (3 marks):
- ΔU = +10 kJ.
- ΔU = -10 kJ.
40. Coordination Chemistry (3 marks):
- Formula: [Co(H₂O)₆]³⁺; inner orbital complex = d²sp³ hybridization.
- Hexacyanoferrate(III): Low spin; hexafluoroferrate(III): High spin.
41. Carbonyl Compounds (3 marks):
- Aldehydes more reactive due to less steric hindrance.
- Most acidic: 2-Chlorobutanoic acid.
- Tollen’s test: Silver mirror test for aldehydes.
42. Colligative Properties (5 marks):
- Freezing point: -0.12°C.
- CaCl₂: 0.93 g needed for osmotic pressure.
43. Periodic Trends (5 marks):
- Covalent character: SiCl₄ > SnCl₄ > Ge